identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
|
naming _system .identifier |
|
material _class .identifier |
|
ref _version .identifier |
|
core |
POSC core type |
A sample of rock extracted from a well collected using a core bit or collected using a sidewall core sampling device. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 3.0 |
current |
axial plug |
POSC core type |
A plug cut from a conventional core with the axis of plug the same as longitudinal axis of core. |
core |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
axial section |
POSC core type |
A slab cut from a conventional core with the axis of section same as longitudinal axis of core (forms a rectangular slab). |
core |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
box |
POSC core type |
A core sample from an oceanographic survey. These are typically used for site analysis and in geochemical surveys. The core is recovered as a rectangular sample with a dredge sample method. |
core |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
conventional |
POSC core type |
A cylindrical section of rock, usually 5-10 cm in diameter and up to several metres in length, taken as a sample of the interval penetrated by a core bit, and brought to the surface for geologic examination and/or laboratory analysis. |
core |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
conventional plug |
POSC core type |
A small rock sample drilled out of a core in the laboratory. It is used formation analysis where precise size and shape must be controlled for some tests. |
conventional |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
sidewall |
POSC core type |
A core or rock sample extracted from the wall of a drill hole, either by shooting a retractable hollow projectile, or by mechanically removing a sample. |
core |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
drilled sidewall |
POSC core type |
A sidewall core that is obtained by drilling into the wall of the drill hole, as opposed to shooting a projectile. |
sidewall |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
percussion sidewall |
POSC core type |
A rock sample extracted from the wall of a drill hole by shooting a retractable projectile. |
sidewall |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
piston |
POSC core type |
A core sample, also called dart or gravity core, taken in oceanographic surveys. They are typically used for site analysis and in geochemical surveys. The coring device has a piston mechanism to reduce suction and aid retrieval. |
core |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
rotary sidewall |
POSC core type |
A sample that is extracted from the wall of a wellbore by a drilling with a wireline or pipe conveyed tool. |
sidewall |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
sidewall core button |
POSC core type |
A cleaned, trimmed sample taken from a sidewall core for use in mercury injection sample analysis. |
sidewall |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
transverse plug |
POSC core type |
A sample cut with the axis of plug at 90 degrees to longitudinal axis of core. This is oriented like a sidewall core, but is cut from a core in the lab. |
conventional |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
transverse section |
POSC core type |
A sample cut from a conventional core with the axis of section at 90 degrees to longitudinal axis of core (forms a cylindrical piece). |
conventional |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
tubing |
POSC tubular |
A small diameter removable pipe installed within a larger diameter casing and connected to a well completion. Produced fluids are conducted to the surface through tubing. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
casing |
POSC tubular |
Steel pipe installed in the wellbore of a well as drilling progresses. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 3.0 |
current |
liner |
POSC tubular |
A string of casing that does not extend up to the surface. |
casing |
POSC |
epicentre 3.0 |
current |
kingdom |
taxonomic class level |
The primary division of natural objects (Plant, Animal, Mineral). |
taxonomic class |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
phylum |
taxonomic class level |
The primary division of Kingdoms into Phyla in the system of biological taxonomy. |
taxonomic class |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
4 |
iadc body style |
a long bit profile |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
1 |
iadc cutter density |
PDC material, bit incorporates less than 30 - 1/2 inch cutters. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
2 |
iadc cutter density |
PDC material, bit incorporates between 30 and 40 - 1/2 inch cutters. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
3 |
iadc cutter density |
PDC material, bit incorporates between 40 and 50 - 1/2 inch cutters. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
4 |
iadc cutter density |
PDC material, bit incorporates more than 50 - 1/2 inch cutters. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
6 |
iadc cutter density |
diamond material, diamond sizes are larger than 3 stones per carat. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
7 |
iadc cutter density |
diamond material, diamond sizes are between 3 and 7 stones per carat. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
8 |
iadc cutter density |
diamond material, diamond sizes are smaller than 7 stones per carat. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
1 |
iadc cutter size |
PDC bits use cutters with diameters larger than 24 mm. Diamond bits use natural diamonds. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
2 |
iadc cutter size |
PDC bits use cutters with diameters between 14 and 24 mm. Diamond bits use synthetic diamonds. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
3 |
iadc cutter size |
PDC bits use cutters with diameters between 8 and 14 mm. Diamond bits use a mixture of natural and synthetic diamonds. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
4 |
iadc cutter size |
PDC bits use cutters with diameters of 8 mm or less. Diamond bits must be of the impregnated type. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
1 |
iadc cutting structure |
|
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
2 |
iadc cutting structure |
|
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
3 |
iadc cutting structure |
|
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
4 |
iadc cutting structure |
|
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
1 |
iadc cutting structure series |
steel tooth bit, for soft formations with low compressive strength and high drillability. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
2 |
iadc cutting structure series |
steel tooth bit, for medium to medium hard formations with high compressive strength. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
3 |
iadc cutting structure series |
steel tooth bit, for hard semi-abrasive formations. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
4 |
iadc cutting structure series |
insert bit, for soft formations with low compressive strength and high drillability. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
3 |
iadc wear or condition scale |
3 in the linear scale 0 - 8 measuring bearing wear. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
4 |
iadc wear or condition scale |
Fifty percent bearing wear. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
5 |
iadc wear or condition scale |
5 in the linear scale 0 - 8 measuring bearing wear. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
6 |
iadc wear or condition scale |
6 in the linear scale 0 - 8 measuring bearing wear. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
7 |
iadc wear or condition scale |
7 in the linear scale 0 - 8 measuring bearing wear. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
8 |
iadc wear or condition scale |
All life used, i.e., no bearing life remaining. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
E |
iadc wear or condition scale |
Seals effective. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
F |
iadc wear or condition scale |
Seals failed. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
N |
iadc wear or condition scale |
Not able to grade. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
X |
iadc wear or condition scale |
Fixed cutter bit. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
0 |
iadc wear scale |
No loss of tooth height or no inserts/cutters lost, worn or broken. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
1 |
iadc wear scale |
1 in the linear scale 0 - 8 measuring tooth, insert or cutter damage. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
2 |
iadc wear scale |
2 in the linear scale 0 - 8 measuring tooth, insert or cutter damage. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
3 |
iadc wear scale |
3 in the linear scale 0 - 8 measuring tooth, insert or cutter damage. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
4 |
iadc wear scale |
Fifty percent tooth, insert or cutter damage. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
5 |
iadc wear scale |
5 in the linear scale 0 - 8 measuring tooth, insert or cutter damage. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
6 |
iadc wear scale |
6 in the linear scale 0 - 8 measuring tooth, insert or cutter damage. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
7 |
iadc wear scale |
7 in the linear scale 0 - 8 measuring tooth, insert or cutter damage. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
8 |
iadc wear scale |
Total loss of tooth height or all inserts/cutters lost, worn and/or broken. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
near bit |
stabilizer classification |
A stabilizer with two box connections. This allows it to be connected directly to the bit and minimizes the offset to the bladed section contact point. (PIDD 1/25/93 #P0002101, modified) |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
string |
stabilizer classification |
A stabilizer which has one box and one pin connection. Usually installed at appropriate intervals along the BHA to satisfy bottom hole assembley design requirements. (PIDD 1/25/93 P0002101, modified) |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
rotating blade |
stabilizer classification |
Stabilizer with the largest outside diameter sections composed of narrow blades extending from the stabilizer body; eg., welded blade, replaceable blade, integral blade. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
nonrotating blade |
stabilizer classification |
Stabilizer used to center drillstem in the borehole without reaming the borehold. Stabilizer ribs, usually of rubber, will not wear out rapidly since rotation occurs between sleeve and a mandrel. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
full body, spiral grooved |
stabilizer classification |
Full gauge long stabilizer with sets of spiral grooves cut along the full body length. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
round fluted |
stabilizer classification |
Round integral blade stabilizer milled and machined from a solid forging to produce flutes and grooves on the outer diameter. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
internal |
drill pipe upset |
The thickness has been increased internally, reducing the inside diameter, without affecting the outside diameter. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
external |
drill pipe upset |
The thickness has been incresed externally, increasing the outside diameter, without affecting the inside diameter. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
internal-external |
drill pipe upset |
The thickness has been increased both internally and externally by increasing the outside diameter and reducing the inside diameter. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
earthquake frequency |
frequency range |
The equipment is designed to operate at seismic frequencies below 3 Hz. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
seismic low frequency |
frequency range |
The equipment is designed to operate at seismic frequencies between 3 Hz and 60 Hz. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
seismic high frequency |
frequency range |
The equipment is designed to operate at seismic frequencies up to 200 Hz. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
midrange frequency |
frequency range |
The equipment is designed to operate at elastic wave frequencies from 250 Hz to 40,000 Hz. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
high frequency |
frequency range |
The equipment is designed to operate at elastic wave frequencies above 30,000 Hz. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
eonothem |
chronostratigraphic unit |
The highest ranking unit of chronostratigraphic classification. Eonothem is comprised of the strata deposited during a geochronologic eon. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
provisional |
erathem |
chronostratigraphic unit |
The second highest ranking unit of classification of chronostratigraphic systems. Erathem corresponds to the strata deposited during a geochronologic era. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
provisional |
system |
chronostratigraphic unit |
The third highest ranking unit of chronostratigraphic classification. A system corresponds to the strata deposited during a geochronologic period. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
provisional |
series |
chronostratigraphic unit |
A minor ranking unit of chronostratigraphic classification; a series corresponds to the strata deposited during a geochronologic epoch. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
provisional |
stage |
chronostratigraphic unit |
A minor ranking unit of chronostratigraphic classification; a series corresponds to the strata deposited during a geochronologic epoch. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
provisional |
substage |
chronostratigraphic unit |
An informal, minor ranking unit of chronostratigraphic classification; a substage is a subdivision of a stage, characterized by some unifying characteristic. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
provisional |
megasequence |
sequence stratigraphic unit |
A rock body, characterized by its position within an historical model of sedimentary depositional systems. Megasequences contain sequences. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
provisional |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
sequence |
sequence stratigraphic unit |
A body of rock that is unified by their relatively conformable depositonal succession and bounded at the top and base by unconformities or their correlative conformities. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
provisional |
boulder |
grain size |
Grain size greater than 256 mm. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
cobble |
grain size |
Grain size bigger than 64 mm and smaller than 256 mm. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
pebble |
grain size |
Grain size bigger than 4 mm and smaller than 64 mm. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
granule |
grain size |
Grain size bigger than 2 mm and smaller than 4 mm. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
very coarse sand |
grain size |
Grain size bigger than 1 mm and smaller than 2 mm. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
coarse sand |
grain size |
Grain size bigger than .5 mm and smaller than 1 mm. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
medium sand |
grain size |
Grain size bigger than .25 mm and smaller than .5 mm. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
fine sand |
grain size |
Grain size bigger than .125 mm and smaller than .25 mm. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
very fine sand |
grain size |
Grain size bigger than .062 mm and smaller than .125 mm. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
silt |
grain size |
Grain size bigger than .020 mm and smaller than .062 mm. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
mudstone |
carbonate texture Dunham |
Depositional texture is recognizable, the original components were not bound together during deposition, with mud support of the carbonate grains and less than 10% carbonate grains total. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
wackestone |
carbonate texture Dunham |
Depositional texture is recognizable, the original components were not bound together during deposition, with mud support of the carbonate grains and more than 10% carbonate grains total. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
packstone |
carbonate texture Dunham |
Depositional texture is recognizable, the original components were not bound together during deposition, with grain support of the carbonate grains and an observable fraction of mud. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
grainstone |
carbonate texture Dunham |
Depositional texture is recognizable, the original components were not bound together during deposition, with grain support of the carbonate grains and no observable fraction of mud. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
boundstone |
carbonate texture Dunham |
Depositional texture is recognizable and the original components were bound together during deposition. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
crystalline |
carbonate texture Dunham |
Depositional texture is not recognizable. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
micrite |
carbonate type Folk |
A semiopaque crystalline matrix of limestone. A limestone classified as micrite has crystals less than 4 microns in size. There is no genetic implication. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
dismicrite |
carbonate type Folk |
A fine-textured limestone with less than 1% allochems, consisting mainly of lithified carbonate mud. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
sparry allochemical limestone |
carbonate type Folk |
A limestone with sparry calcite cement more abundant than micritic cement and allochems greater than 1%. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
micritic allochemical limestone |
carbonate type Folk |
A limestone with micritic cement more abundant than sparry calcite cement, and allochems greater than 1%. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
biolithite |
carbonate type Folk |
A limestone constructed by organisms that grew and remained in place, characterized by a rigid framework of carbonate material that binds allochem grains and skeletal elements. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
intrasparite |
carbonate type Folk |
A sparry allochemical limestone in which the grains are predominantly intraclasts. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
oosparite |
carbonate type Folk |
A sparry allochemical limestone in which the grains are predominantly ooids. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
biosparite |
carbonate type Folk |
A sparry allochemical limestone in which the grains are predominantly skeletal grains. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
pelsparite |
carbonate type Folk |
A sparry allochemical limestone in which the grains are predominantly peloids |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
intramicrite |
carbonate type Folk |
A micritic allochemical limestone in which the grains are predominantly intraclasts. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
oomicrite |
carbonate type Folk |
A micritic allochemical limestone in which the grains are predominantly ooids. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
biomicrite |
carbonate type Folk |
A micritic allochemical limestone in which the grains are predominantly skeletal grains. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
pelmicrite |
carbonate type Folk |
A micritic allochemical limestone in which the grains are predominantly peloids |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
non-skeletal grain |
carbonate grain type |
A carbonate grain that is not obviously derived from the skeletal material of micro-organisms, invertebrates, or the thalli of calcareous plants. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
coated grain |
carbonate grain type |
non-skeletal carbonate grains that evidence a one or more series of coatings around a central core. Includes ooids, pisoids, and oncoids. |
non-skeletal grain |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
ooid |
carbonate grain type |
A coated grain with a calcareous cortex and a nucleus which is variable in composition. The cortex is smoothly and evenly laminated eqpecially in its outer parts. They are typically sphecical or ellipsoidal in shape. Obvious biogenetic structures are lacking. Classification as an ooid is indicative, but is not meant to imply, abiogenic origin. An ooid is less than 2mm in size. |
coated grain |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
pisoid |
carbonate grain type |
A pisoid is applied to a grain that has the characteristics of an ooid, but is > 2 mm in size. |
coated grain |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
oncoid |
carbonate grain type |
A coated grain with a calcareous cortex of irregular, partially overlapping laminae. They are typically irregular in shape. They may exhibit biogenic structures. An oncoid is indicative, but is not meant to imply, biogenic origin. |
coated grain |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
peloid |
carbonate grain type |
A non-sekletal grain, internally structureless, and irregular in shape. A peloid is generally, but not always, of faecal origin. |
non-skeletal grain |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
grain aggregate |
carbonate grain type |
An aggregate of several carbonate particles that have become bound and cemented together. Examples are grapestones and lumps. |
non-skeletal grain |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
carbonate clast |
carbonate grain type |
Reworked carbonate fragments of at least partly consolidated carbonate sediments. |
non-skeletal grain |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
carbonate intraclast |
carbonate grain type |
A carbonate clast that has remained in its original area of deposition |
carbonate clast |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
carbonate extraclast |
carbonate grain type |
A carbonate clast that is recognizedly removed from its original area of deposition. |
carbonate clast |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
skeletal grain |
carbonate grain type |
A carbonate grain that is clearly of skeletal origin. Examples are shells, corals, and sponges. The skeletal grain type is often classified by its dominant fossil type. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
calcareous algae |
fossil type |
A group of algae that precipitate calcium carbonate from the shallow water where they live, and deposit it in a more or less solid carbonate structure. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
foraminifera |
fossil type |
Protozoans of subclass Sarcodina, order Foraminifera, characterized by the presence of a test of one to many chambers composed of secreted calcite (rarely silica or aragonite) or of agglutinated particles. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
sponge |
fossil type |
A many-celled invertebrate, phylum Porifera, characterized by an internal skeleton composed most frequently of opaline silica, and less commonly of calcium carbonate. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
coelenterate |
fossil type |
Any multi-celled invertebrate animal, solitary or colonial, of phylum Coelenterata, characterized by a body wall of two layers of cells connected by a structureless mesoglea, and a single opening for ingestion and egestion. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
stromatoporoid |
fossil type |
Any of a group of extinct sessile benthic marine organisms, which secret a calcareous skeleton, generally tens of centimeters across, of tabular, encrusting, dendroidal, domal, or bulbous form. |
coelenterate |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
milleporoid |
fossil type |
Any of a group of hydrozoans, order Milleporina, characterized by a calcareous skeleton, and free-swimming sexual individuals. |
coelenterate |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
rugose |
fossil type |
Any zoantharian belonging to the order Rugosa, characterized by calcareous corallites that may be solitary and cone-shaped or cylindrical, curved or erect, compound and branching, or massive. |
coelenterate |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
tabulate |
fossil type |
Coral characterized by prominent tabulae. |
coelenterate |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
scleractinian |
fossil type |
Any zoantharian coelenterate, order Scleractinia, characterized by solitary and colonial forms with calcareous exoskeletons secreted by the ectoderm. |
coelenterate |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
alcyonarian |
fossil type |
Any coral, subclass Alcyonaria, colonial forms with eight pinnate tentacles, an endoskeleton, and eight complete septa. |
coelenterate |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
bryozoan |
fossil type |
An invertebrate, phylum Bryozoa, characterized chiefly by colonial growth, a calcareous skeleton, and a U-shaped alimentary canal with mouth and anus. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
brachiopod |
fossil type |
Any solitary marine invertebrate belonging to the phylum Brachiopoda, characterized by a lophophore and by two bilaterally summetrical valves that may be calcareous or chitinase and are commonly attached to a substratum. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
mollusk |
fossil type |
A solitary invertebrate, phylum Mollusca, characterized by a nonsegmented body that is bilaterally symmetrical and by a radially or biradially symmetrical mantle or shell. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
chiton |
fossil type |
An invertebrate marine molluscan, the shell of which consists of eight overlapping calcareous valves or plates. |
mollusk |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
bivalve |
fossil type |
Having a shell composed of two distinct and usually movable valves, equal or subequal, that open and shut. |
mollusk |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
gastropod |
fossil type |
Any mollusk, class Gastropoda, characterized by a distinct head with eyes and tentacles and, in most, by a single calcareous shell that is closed at the apex, sometimes spiralled, and generally asymmetrical. E.g., a snail. |
mollusk |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
pteropod |
fossil type |
Belonging to the order Pteropoda, which includes pelagic forms sometimes with shells. The shells are generally conical and composed of aragonite. |
mollusk |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
cephalopod |
fossil type |
An mollusk, class Cephalopoda, characterized by a definite head, with the mouth surrounded by part of the foot, that is modified with tentacles or armlike processes with hooklets or suckers or both. E.g., nautiloids and aminoids. |
mollusk |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
serpulid |
fossil type |
Any annelid, family Serpulidae, that characteristically builds a contorted calcareous or leathery tube on a submerged surface. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
arthropod |
fossil type |
Any animal of phylum Arthropoda, characterized by jointed appendages and segmented bodies. E.g., trilobites, crabs, crustaceans. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
echinoderm |
fossil type |
Any solitary marine benthic (rarely pelagic) invertebrate, phylum Echinodermata, characterized by radial symmetry, an endoskeleton formed of plates or ossicles composed of crystalline calcite, and a water vascular system. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
matrix |
carbonate grain type |
Fine-grained calcite crystals that constitute the matrix of carbonate rocks. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
radial |
coated grain microfabric |
Fibrous or bladed crystals or aragonite, low magnesium calcite, or high magnesium calcite whose axes are radial to the center. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
tangential |
coated grain microfabric |
Aragonite or calcite grains whose long axes are parallel to the ooid laminae. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
random |
coated grain microfabric |
Equant or randomly oriented crystals within the laminae. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
cryptocrystalline |
micrite grain size |
Crystals from 1 to 4 micrometers. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
very finely crystalline |
micrite grain size |
Crystals from 4 to 16 micrometers. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
finely crystalline |
micrite grain size |
Crystals from 16 to 62 micrometers. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
medium crystalline |
micrite grain size |
Crystals from 62 to 250 micrometers. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
coarsely crystalline |
micrite grain size |
Crystals from 250 to 1000 micrometers. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
very coarsely crystalline |
micrite grain size |
Crystals from 1 to 4 millimeters. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
extremely coarsely crystalline |
micrite grain size |
Crystals greater than 4 millimeters. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
1 |
standard microfacies |
Spiculite. Dark clayey mudstone or wackestone, organic rich, or siliceous spiculitic calcisiltite. Spicules usually oriented, generally siliceous monaxons, commonly replaced by calcite. The interpreted environment is basinal, deep water. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
2 |
standard microfacies |
Microbioclastic calcisiltite. Small bioclasts and peloids in very fine-grained grainstone or packstone; small scale ripple cross-lamination. The interpreted environment is open sea shelf near the lower slope, deeper shelf margin. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
3 |
standard microfacies |
Pelagic mudstone and wackestone. Micritic matrix containing scattered pelagic microfossils or megafauna (e.g. graptolites or thin-shelled bivalve fragments. The interpreted environment is basinal, deep-water or open sea shelf near the lower slope, deeper shelf margin. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
4 |
standard microfacies |
Microbreccia or bioclastic - lithoclastic packstone. Rounded grains, often graded. Polymict or monomict in origin. Also quartz, cherts, and carbonate detritus. The interpreted environment is fore-slope talus; resedimented limestones. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
5 |
standard microfacies |
Grainstone - packstone or floatstone with bioclasts of reef. Geopetal sediments. The interpreted environment is reef flank facies. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
6 |
standard microfacies |
Reef rudstone; no matrix material. The interpreted environment is fore-reef slope, debris from the reef; commonly in high-energy zone. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
7 |
standard microfacies |
Boundstone. Subtypes of framestone, bindstone, or bafflestone. The interpreted environment is reef, often found on platform margins. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
8 |
standard microfacies |
Wackestone with whole organisms. Wellppreserved infauna and epifauna. The interpreted environment is shelf lagoon with circulation; low-energy water below normal wavebase. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
9 |
standard microfacies |
Bioclastic wackestone or bioclastic micrite. Fragments of diverse organisms, bioturbated. bioclasts may be micritized. The interpreted environment is shallow waters with open circulation close to wave-base. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
10 |
standard microfacies |
Packstone - wackestone with coated and abraded bioclasts. The interpreted environment is textural inversion; cominant particles from high-energy environment have moved down local slopes to low-energy settings. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
11 |
standard microfacies |
Grainstones with coated bioclasts, in sparry cement. The interpreted environment is winnowed platform edge sands; areas with constant wave action at or above wave-base. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
12 |
standard microfacies |
Coquina, bioclastic packstone, grainstone or rudstone with concentrations of organisms. Certain types of organisms dominate (e.g. dasyclads, sheels, or crinoids. The interpreted environment is slopes and shelf edges. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
13 |
standard microfacies |
Oncoid (biosparite) grainstone. The interpreted environment is moderately high-energy areas, very shallow water. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
14 |
standard microfacies |
Lags. Coated with rounded particles, in places mixed with ooids and peloids. May be blackened and iron-stained with phosphate; lithoclasts; usually thin beds. The interpreted environment is slow accumulation of coarse material in zone of winnowing. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
15 |
standard microfacies |
Oolites of well-sorted ooids; fabric usually overpacked; always cross-bedded. The interpreted environment is high-energy environment on oolite shoals, beaches, and tidal bars. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
16 |
standard microfacies |
Grainstone with peloids. Probably faecal pellets, in places admixed with concentrated ostracode tests or forminifera. The interpreted environment is shallow water with only moderate water circulation. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
17 |
standard microfacies |
Grapestone, pelsparite, or grainstone with aggregate grains, isolated and agglutinated peloids, some coated grains. The interpreted environment is shelf with restricted water circulation and tidal flats. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
18 |
standard microfacies |
Foraminiferal or dasycladacean grainstones. The interpreted environment is tidal bars and channels of lagoons. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
19 |
standard microfacies |
Fenestral, laminated mudstone - wackestone, grading occasionally into pelsparite with fenestral fabrics. Ostracodes and peloids, sporadic forminifera, gastropods, and algae. The interpreted environment is restricted bays and ponds. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
20 |
standard microfacies |
Microbial stromatolite mudstone. The interpreted environment is commonest in the interdal zone. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
21 |
standard microfacies |
Spongiostrome mudstone. Convolute microbial fabric in fine-grained micrite lime mud sediment. The interpreted environment is tidal ponds. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
22 |
standard microfacies |
Micrite with large oncoids, wackestone, or floatstone. The interpreted environment is low-energy environments, shallow water, back-reef; oftgen on the edges of ponds or channels. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
23 |
standard microfacies |
Unlaminated, homogeneous unfossiliferous pure micrite; evaporitic minerals may occur. The interpreted environment is hypersaline tidal ponds. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
24 |
standard microfacies |
rudstone or floatstone with coarse lithoclasts and bioclasts. Clasts usually consist of unfossiliferous micrite; may be imbricated and cross-bedded; matrix sparse. The interpreted environment is lag deposit in tidal channels. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
sandstone |
POSC sedimentary material |
At least 50% clastic, with sand sized grains predominating. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
siltstone or claystone |
POSC sedimentary material |
At least 75% clastic, with silt and/or clay size particles being at least 90% of the clastic material. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
limestone or dolomite |
POSC sedimentary material |
At least 75% carbonate (limestone or dolomite) grains. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
well-rounded |
degree of rounding |
The most rounded class. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
solid |
physical state |
A material which maintains a definite volume (low compressibility) and shape. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
liquid |
physical state |
A material which maintains a definite volume (low compressibility), but flows to take the shape of its container. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
gas |
physical state |
A material which is highly compressible, and generally fills its container. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
C1 |
hydrocarbon fluid constituent |
The single carbon constituents (methane) of a hydrocarbon fluid. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 3.0 |
current |
C2 |
hydrocarbon fluid constituent |
The two carbon constituents (ethane, ethene, ethylene) of a hydrocarbon fluid. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 3.0 |
current |
C3 |
hydrocarbon fluid constituent |
The three carbon constituents (propane, propene, propylene) of a hydrocarbon fluid. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 3.0 |
current |
C4 |
hydrocarbon fluid constituent |
The four carbon constituents of a hydrocarbon fluid. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 3.0 |
current |
C5 |
hydrocarbon fluid constituent |
The five carbon constituents of a hydrocarbon fluid. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 3.0 |
current |
C6 |
hydrocarbon fluid constituent |
The six carbon constituents, including ring compounds, of a hydrocarbon fluid. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 3.0 |
current |
C7+ |
hydrocarbon fluid constituent |
The seven and higher carbon constituents of a hydrocarbon fluid. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 3.0 |
current |
contaminants |
hydrocarbon fluid constituent |
The non-hydrocarbon constituents of a hydrocarbon fluid. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 3.0 |
current |
fluid |
fluid characterization |
A material which flows. Gases and liquids are fluids. A fluid generally has no shear strength. The distinction between a solid and a fluid is not always sharp. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
rheid |
fluid characterization |
A highly viscous fluid. Specifically, a substance (below its melting point) which deforms by viscous flow during the time of applied stress at an order of magnitude at least three times that of elastic deformation under similar conditions. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
water |
reservoir fluid type |
An aqueous fluid containing varying amounts of dissolved material. |
fluid |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
produced water |
reservoir fluid type |
A fluid which is primarily composed of formation water. |
water |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
steam |
reservoir fluid type |
The gas phase of water. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
salt water |
reservoir fluid type |
Water with an appreciable amount of salt, generally sodium ions, contained in. |
water |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
air |
reservoir fluid type |
A gas which is approximately 80 percent nitrogen, and 20 oxygen by volume. When referring to a drilling fluid (air drilling) natural gas may be the circulation fluid. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
natural gas |
reservoir fluid type |
Any hydrocarbon normally injected or produced in gaseous form from a well, which at atmospheric conditions of temperature and pressure are in a gaseous phase. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
produced gas |
reservoir fluid type |
A fluid which is primarily composed of hydrocarbons that exist as gases at surface conditions. |
natural gas |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
oil |
reservoir fluid type |
Crude petroleum oil and other hydrocarbons regardless of gravity which are produced at the wellhead in liquid form and the liquid hydrocarbons known as distillate or condensate recovered or extracted from gas, other than gas produced in association with oil and commonly known as casinghead gas. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
produced oil |
reservoir fluid type |
A fluid which is primarily composed of hydrocarbons that exist as liquids at surface conditions. |
oil |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
crude oil |
reservoir fluid type |
Any liquid hydrocarbon fluid produced normally from a well, excluding fluid produced in association with natural gas in a gas well. It is to be distinguished from refined oils that are manufactured from it. |
oil |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
abandoned oil |
reservoir fluid type |
Waste oil permitted by an operator to escape from tanks or other storage facilities after production. |
oil |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
casinghead gas |
reservoir fluid type |
Gas produced with oil in oil wells, the gas being taken from the well through the casinghead at the top of the well, as distinguished from gas produced in a gas well. |
produced gas |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
associated gas |
reservoir fluid type |
Gas occurring in the form of a gas cap associated with an oil zone. |
natural gas |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
gas lift gas |
reservoir fluid type |
Gas injected near the well completion for the purpose of lifting oil. The gas does not leave the wellbore, and it tends to lift the oil as it makes its way back to the surface. |
natural gas |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
coalbed gas |
reservoir fluid type |
Gas contained in and emitted from coal deposits. |
natural gas |
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
natural gas liquid |
reservoir fluid type |
Hydrocarbons found in natural gas which have been liquefied at the surface in field facilities or in gas processing plants. They include, but are not limited to: ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, pentanes, debutanized natural gasoline, and plant condensate not recovered by mechanical separation. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
condensate |
reservoir fluid type |
Liquid hydrocarbons recovered by conventional surface spearators from gas produced from a condensate gas reservoir. Condensate, as generally defined by fifteen states, is the liquid hydrocarbons recovered at the surface that results from condensation of petroleum hydrocarbons existing initially in a gaseous phase in an underground reservoir. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
injected water |
injected materials |
A fluid which is primarily composed of water and is used primarily for injection into formations. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
chemical slug |
injected materials |
A fluid that is composed of specialized chemical components and is injected into a formation. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
radioactive tracer |
injected materials |
A fluid that contains radioactive components used to track the movement of the fluid. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
element |
chemical classification |
A fundamental substance that consists of atoms of only one kind and that singly or in combination constitute all matter. (Webster's 9th New Collegiate Dictionary) |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
compound |
chemical classification |
A distinct substance formed by chemical union of two or more ingredients in definite proportion by weight. (Webster's 9th New Collegiate Dictionary) |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
solution |
chemical classification |
A homogeneous mixture formed when a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance is mixed with a liquid or sometimes a gas or solid. (Webster's 9th New Collegiate Dictionary) |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
isomer |
chemical classification |
A compound, radical, or ion that contains the same number of atoms of the same elements but differ in the structural arrangement and properties. (Webster's 9th New Collegiate Dictionary) |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
Type 1 |
van Krevelen |
A type of organic material characterized by high H/C ratios (commonly 1.5 or more) and low O/C ratios (generally less than 0.1) and tend to generate oil. Generally from marine algal material or severe biodegradation of other organic material. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
Type 2 |
van Krevelen |
A type of organic material characterized by moderately high H/C ratios (generally less than 1.5) and moderately low O/C ratios (generally less than .2). Generally forms from marine plankton and microorganisms deposited in a reducing environment. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
Type 3 |
van Krevelen |
A type of organic material characterized by low H/C ratios (generally less than 1.0) and high O/C ratios (as high as 0.2 or 0.3). Is derived essentially from continental plants and contains much identifiable vegetal debris. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
exinite |
coal maceral group |
A coal maceral group derived from spores, cuticular matter, resins, and waxes. It is relatively rich in hydrogen. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
inertinite |
coal maceral group |
A coal maceral group, characterized by a relatively high carbon content, and a reflectance highter than that of vitrinite. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
vitrinite |
coal maceral group |
A coal maceral group distinguished by a middle level of reflectance, higher than exinite and lower than inertinite. It is characteristic of vitrain and is composed of humic material. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
native elements |
mineral class |
This class contains mineral that are elements in an uncombined, native state. The class includes minerals from the gold group, the platinum group, and the iron group. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
sulfides |
mineral class |
This class of minerals is characterized by metals coordinated around sulfur atoms in tetrahedral or octahedral form. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
sulfarsenides |
mineral class |
This class of minerals is characterized by metals coordinated around sulfur and arsenic atoms in tetrahedral or octahedral form. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
arsenides |
mineral class |
This class of minerals is characterized by metals coordinated around arsenic atoms in tetrahedral or octahedral form. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
telluride |
mineral class |
This class of minerals is characterized by metals coordinated around tellurium atoms in tetrahedral or octahedral form. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
sulfosalt |
mineral class |
A class of mineral distinct from sulfides due to the metal-like role that As or Sb plays in their structure. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
oxides |
mineral class |
This group is made up of minerals containing one or more minerals combined with oxygen. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
hydroxides |
mineral class |
All structures in this group are characterized by the presence of the hydroxyl (OH)- group, or H20 molecules. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
halides |
mineral class |
The chemical class of halides is characterized by the dominance of the electronegative halogen ions, Cl-, Br-, F-, and I-. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
carbonates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by a anionic, triangular (CO3)-2 groups. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
nitrates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by a plane, triangular (NO3)-1 group. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
borates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by a plane, triangular (BO3) group capable of polymerization into chains, sheets and isolated multiple groups. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
sulfates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by a anionic tetrahedra containing a (SO4)-2 group. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
chromates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by a anionic tetrahedra containing a (CrO4)-2 group. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
tungstates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by a flattened tetrahedra with a square outline containing a (WO4)-2 group. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
molybdates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by a flattened tetrahedra with a square outline containing a (MoO4)-2 group. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
phosphates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by a anionic tetrahedra containing a (PO4)-3 group. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
arsenates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by a anionic tetrahedra containing a (AsO4)-3 group. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
vanadates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by a anionic tetrahedra containing a (VO4)-3 group. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
nesosilicates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by isolated tetrahedra bound together only by ionic bonds from interstitial cations. Also called orthosilicates. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
sorosilicates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by isolated, double tetrahedral groups formed by two SiO4 tetrahedra sharing a single apical oxygen. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
cyclosilicates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by rings of linked SiO4 tetrahedra with a ration of Si to O of 1 to 3. Also called ring silicates. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
single chain inosilicates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by an indefinitely extended chains of SiO4 tetrahedra, with 2 of the 4 oxygens in each tetrahedra being shared with neighboring tetrahedra. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
double chain inosilicates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by an indefinitely extended bands of SiO4 tetrahedra, with an alternating pattern of 2 and 3 oxygens in each tetrahedra being shared with neighboring tetrahedra. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
phyllosilicates |
mineral class |
This class is characterized by an indefinitely extended sheet of SiO4 tetrahedra, with 3 of the 4 oxygens in each tetrahedra being shared with neighboring tetrahedra. Also called sheet silicates. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
tectosilicates |
mineral class |
Minerals in this class are characterized by a three-dimensional framework of linked SiO4 tetrahedra in which all the oxygen ions in each tetrahedra are shared with neighboring tetrahedra. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.1 |
current |
water based mud |
API drilling fluid |
A type of drilling fluid characterized by its use of water as the primary solvent. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
non-dispersed |
API drilling fluid |
These systems include spud muds, natural muds, and other lightly treated systems generally used for shallow wells or top-hole drilling. Thinners and dispersants are not added to disperse drill solids and clay particles. |
water based mud |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
dispersed |
API drilling fluid |
At greater depths, where higher densities are required, or where hole conditions may be probaematic, muds are often dispersed, typically with lignosulfonates, lignites, or tannins. These and similar products are effective deflocculants and filtrate reducers. Potassium-containing chemicals are frequently used to provide greater shale inhibition. Specialized chemicals are also added to adjust or maintain specific mud properties. |
water based mud |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
calcium treated |
API drilling fluid |
A system with divalent cations such as calcium or magnesium have been added to inhibit formation clay and shale swelling. |
water based mud |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
polymer |
API drilling fluid |
Muds incorporating generally long-chain, high molicular-weight polymers. The are utilized to encapsulate drill solids to prevent dispersion and to coat shales for inhibition. They may also increase viscosity and reduce fluid loss. |
water based mud |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
low solids |
API drilling fluid |
Systems in which the amount and type of solids are controlled. Total wolids should not range higher than 6% to 10% by volume. Clay solids should be some 3% or less and exhibit a ratio of drilled solids to bentonite of less than 2:1. |
water based mud |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
saltwater systems |
API drilling fluid |
Saltwater muds are usually prepated from brackish, seawater, or produced-water sources. They generally have a chloride content of 10,000 to 190,000 mg/l. |
water based mud |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
workover |
API drilling fluid |
Workover, completion, and drill-in fluids which are specialized systems designed to minimize formation damage or be used as packer fluids after completion operations. The impact of these systems to the productive formation must be capable of being reversed with remedial treatments. Systems consist of fluids which range from clear brines to polymer fluids to highly treated mud (packer) fluids. |
water based mud |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
oil based mud |
API drilling fluid |
Oil-based systems are sued for a variety of applications where fluid stability and inhibition are necessary such as high-temperature wells, deep holes, and where sticking and hole stabilization is a problem. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
invert emulsion mud |
API drilling fluid |
Water-in-oil emulsions typically with calcium chloride brine as the emulsified phase and oil as the continuous phase. They may contain as much as 50% brine in the liquid phase. |
oil based mud |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
identifier |
naming _system |
description |
parent _class |
source |
version |
status |
synthetic mud |
API drilling fluid |
Synthetic fluids are designed to mirror oil-based mud performance without the environmental hazards. They can be discharged offshore and are non-sheening and biodegrabable. |
oil based mud |
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
air, mist, foam and gas |
API drilling fluid |
A specialized, reduced category for four basic operations. 1) Dry air drilling, 2) mist drilling (injecting a foaming agent into the air stream), 3) foam uses surfactants and possibly clays or polymers to form a high carrying capacity foad, and 4) aerated fluids, which rely on mud with injected air, which reduces the hydrostatic head. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
alkalinity or pH control |
drilling fluid additive |
Products used to control the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a fluid. It includes lime, caustic soda, soda ash and sodium bicarbonate, as well as other acids and bases. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
bactericide |
drilling fluid additive |
Products used to prevent bacterial degradation of natural organic additives. Examples are starch and xanthan gum. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
calcium reducer |
drilling fluid additive |
Soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, caustic soda, and certain polyphosphates that are used to reduce calcium in seawater, treat cement contamination, and overcome contaminating effects of anhydrite and gypsum. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
corrosion inhibitor |
drilling fluid additive |
Used to control corrosion, neutralize hazardous acid gases, and prevent scale in drilling fluids. Examples are amine- or phasphate-based products. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
defoamer |
drilling fluid additive |
Designed to reduce foaming action, particularly in brackish and saturated saltwater muds. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
emuslifier |
drilling fluid additive |
Create an emulsion of two insoluble liquids. These include fatty acids and amine-based chemicals for oil-based muds and detergents, soaps, organic acids and water-based surfactants for water-based muds. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
filtrate reducer |
drilling fluid additive |
These reduce the tendency of the liquid phase to pass through the filtercake and into the formation. Examples are bentonite clays, lignite, CMS, polyacrylate, and pregelatinized starch. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
flocculant |
drilling fluid additive |
Used to increase viscosity for improved hole cleaning, to increase bentonite yield, and to declarify or de-water low-solids fluids. Salt, hydrated lime, gypsum, soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, sodium tetraphosphate, and acrylamide-based polymers may be used to cause colloidal particles in suspension to flocculate, and settle out. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
foaming agent |
drilling fluid additive |
Chemicals, most often, that also act as surfactants to foam in the presence of water. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
lost circulation materials |
drilling fluid additive |
Additives used to plug the zone of loss back in the formation away from the borehole face so that subsequent operations will not reslult in additional drilling fluids loss. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
lubricant |
drilling fluid additive |
Designed to reduce the coefficient of friction of drilling fluid which dexreases the torque and drag. Various oils, synthetic liquids, graphite, surfactants, glycols and glycerin, as well as other chemicals are examples. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
pipe-freeing agent |
drilling fluid additive |
Additives such as detergents, soaps, oils, surfactants, that are intended to be spottend in an area of suspected pipe stickage to reduce friction and increase lubricity thereby freeing the stuck pipe. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
shale control inhibitor |
drilling fluid additive |
Products that provide shale control by reducing shale hydration. Examples are soluble calcium and potassium, as well as inorganic salts and specially produced organic compounds. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
surface active agents |
drilling fluid additive |
Also known as surfactants. They reduce interfacial tension between contacting surfaces. These may be emulsifiers, de-emulsifiers, wetting agents, flocculants, or deflocculants, depending on the surfaces involved. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
temperature stability agent |
drilling fluid additive |
Products that increase rheological and filtration stability of drilling fluids exposed to high temperatures. Examples are acrylic polymers, sulfonated polymers and copolymers, and lignite, lignosulfonate and tannin-based additives. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
dispersant |
drilling fluid additive |
Also called thinners. These chemicals modify the relationship between viscosity and percentage of solids in a drilling mud, and may be used, further, to reduce gel strength, increase a fluid's pumpability, etc. Examples are tannins, various polyphosphates, lignite and lignosulfonate materials. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
viscosifier |
drilling fluid additive |
Bentonite, CMC, attapulgite clays, and polymers used to increase viscosity for better hole cleaning and suspension of solids. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |
weighting material |
drilling fluid additive |
Barite, lead compounds, iron oxieds, calcium carbonates, and similar products possessing high specific gravity that are used to control formation pressures, check formation caving, and facilitate pulling dry pipe. |
|
POSC |
epicentre 2.2 |
current |